The Complete Guide to Adjectives (विशेषण) in English Grammar

Adjective (विशेषण) – The Describing Artist

Adjectives are the color palette of language – they add vivid details to nouns and pronouns, helping us paint clearer mental pictures. In Hindi, we call them “विशेषण” because they “विशेष रूप से बताते हैं” (describe specifically).

Why Adjectives Matter

 Enhance meaning: Transform “house” to “beautiful white house”
 Compare things: “bigger”, “most delicious”
 Specify quantity: “some sugar”, “five books”
 Show possession: “my book”, “their car”
 Create engaging descriptions in stories/poetry

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Types of Adjectives (विशेषण के प्रकार) with Detailed Examples

1. Descriptive Adjectives (गुणवाचक विशेषण)

Describe qualities like color, size, personality.

Category	English Examples	Hindi Examples	Example Sentences
Color	red, blue, golden	लाल, नीला, सुनहरा	She wore a red lehenga (लाल लहंगा)
Size	big, tiny, long	बड़ा, छोटा, लंबा	A long rope (लंबी रस्सी)
Personality	kind, brave, funny	दयालु, बहादुर, मज़ाकिया	My funny friend (मज़ाकिया दोस्त)
Shape	round, square	गोल, चौकोर	Round table (गोल मेज़)
Condition	broken, healthy	टूटा, स्वस्थ	Healthy food (स्वस्थ भोजन)

Pro Tip: Can usually add “-er/-est” (taller, tallest) or use “more/most” (more beautiful)

2. Quantitative Adjectives (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण)

Show quantity or amount.

Type	Examples	Hindi Examples	Usage Notes
Definite	one, first, triple	एक, पहला, तिगुना	Exact numbers (five apples)
Indefinite	some, many, few	कुछ, अनेक, कम	Approximate amounts
Fractional	half, quarter	आधा, चौथाई	1/2 kg sugar (आधा किलो चीनी)

Special Cases:

• “Much” for uncountable (much water)
• “Many” for countable (many books)

3. Demonstrative Adjectives (संकेतवाचक विशेषण)

Point out specific nouns.

Adjective	Distance	Hindi Equivalent	Example
This	Near	यह	This pen (यह पेन)
That	Far	वह	That mountain (वह पहाड़)
These	Near (plural)	ये	These flowers (ये फूल)
Those	Far (plural)	वे	Those buildings (वे इमारतें)

Key Rule: Always followed by a noun (unlike demonstrative pronouns)

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Adjective Degrees (विशेषण की अवस्थाएँ)

English adjectives have three degrees:

Degree	Formation	Example	Hindi Translation
Positive	Basic form	tall	लंबा
Comparative	-er / more + adjective	taller	अधिक लंबा
Superlative	-est / most + adjective	tallest	सबसे लंबा

Irregular Examples:

• Good → Better → Best (अच्छा → बेहतर → सर्वोत्तम)
• Bad → Worse → Worst (बुरा → बदतर → सबसे खराब)

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Adjective Examples in Context

Descriptive Adjectives

S.No	English Sentence	Hindi Translation
1	The happy child laughed.	खुश बच्चा हँसा।
2	She has silky hair.	उसके रेशमी बाल हैं।
3	It’s a foggy morning.	यह एक धुंधली सुबह है।

Quantitative Adjectives

S.No	English Sentence	Hindi Translation
4	Add two spoons of sugar.	दो चम्मच चीनी डालें।
5	Several students were absent.	कई छात्र अनुपस्थित थे।
6	I need some help.	मुझे कुछ मदद चाहिए।

Demonstrative Adjectives

S.No	English Sentence	Hindi Translation
7	This mango is sweet.	यह आम मीठा है।
8	Those paintings are expensive.	वे पेंटिंग्स महँगी हैं।
9	Such behavior is unacceptable.	ऐसा व्यवहार अस्वीकार्य है।

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Common Adjective Mistakes (सामान्य गलतियाँ)

 Incorrect: She is more taller than me.
 Correct: She is taller than me.

 Incorrect: These all books are mine.
 Correct: All these books are mine.

 Incorrect: I want a small little puppy.
 Correct: I want a tiny puppy.

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Interactive Practice (अभ्यास)

A. Identify Adjective Types:

1. “Bring those blue files.” (Demonstrative/Descriptive)
2. “We need more time.” (Quantitative/Demonstrative)
3. “Her golden hair shone.” (Descriptive/Quantitative)

B. Fill in Correct Adjectives:

1. This is the ___ (interesting) book I’ve read.
2. She has ___ (many/much) friends.
3. ___ (This/These) solution works best.

C. Translate to Hindi:

1. “A sharp knife”
2. “Few people know this”
3. “That old temple”

(Answers: A1. Demonstrative, A2. Quantitative, A3. Descriptive | B1. most interesting, B2. many, B3. This | C1. एक तीक्ष्ण चाकू, C2. कम लोग यह जानते हैं, C3. वह पुराना मंदिर)

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Advanced Adjective Concepts

1. Adjective Order in English

The royal sequence when using multiple adjectives:

1. Opinion (beautiful, ugly)
2. Size (big, small)
3. Age (young, old)
4. Shape (round, square)
5. Color (red, blue)
6. Origin (Indian, Chinese)
7. Material (wooden, silk)
8. Purpose (sleeping bag)

Example: “A lovely small old rectangular white Indian marble statue”

2. Compound Adjectives

Two+ words functioning as one adjective:

• Well-known author (प्रसिद्ध लेखक)
• Five-star hotel (पाँच सितारा होटल)
• Heart-shaped box (दिल के आकार का डिब्बा)

3. Participial Adjectives

Verbs acting as adjectives:

• Boring lecture (उबाऊ भाषण) ← Present participle
• Excited children (उत्साहित बच्चे) ← Past participle

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Final Thoughts (निष्कर्ष)

Master adjectives to:

• Write vividly (creative writing)
• Speak precisely (accurate descriptions)
• Compare effectively (business/shopping)

Pro Tip: Keep an “adjective journal” noting descriptive words you encounter daily!

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